| Cell Biology | Red | Amber | Green |
| Animal and plant cell structures and functions | |||
| Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells | |||
| Microscopy — magnification and resolution | |||
| Diffusion — factors affecting rate | |||
| Osmosis — definition and examples | |||
| Active transport — differences from diffusion | |||
| Mitosis and the cell cycle | |||
| Stem cells — types and uses (embryonic & adult) | |||
| Differentiation and specialised cells | |||
| ★ Required practical: using a microscope to observe cells | |||
| ★ Required practical: osmosis in plant tissue | |||
| Organisation | Red | Amber | Green |
| Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems | |||
| Digestive system — organs and enzymes | |||
| Enzyme action — lock and key, temperature, pH | |||
| Blood — components and functions | |||
| Heart structure and the circulatory system | |||
| Blood vessels — arteries, veins, capillaries | |||
| Coronary heart disease and treatments | |||
| Health — communicable vs non-communicable disease | |||
| Cancer — benign vs malignant tumours | |||
| Plant tissues — leaf structure and transpiration | |||
| ★ Required practical: food tests (Benedict's, Biuret, iodine) | |||
| ★ Required practical: effect of pH on enzyme activity | |||
| Infection and Response | Red | Amber | Green |
| Pathogens — bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists | |||
| Examples of communicable diseases | |||
| Human defence systems — non-specific (skin, mucus, stomach acid) | |||
| The immune response — white blood cells, antibodies | |||
| Vaccination and herd immunity | |||
| Antibiotics — how they work and resistance | |||
| Drug development — clinical trials, double-blind | |||
| Monoclonal antibodies — production and uses | |||
| Plant disease — detection and defence | |||
| Bioenergetics | Red | Amber | Green |
| Photosynthesis equation (word and symbol) | |||
| Limiting factors — light, CO₂, temperature | |||
| Adaptations of the leaf for photosynthesis | |||
| Aerobic respiration equation | |||
| Anaerobic respiration — fermentation, muscle fatigue | |||
| Exercise — effects on breathing rate and heart rate | |||
| Oxygen debt — repayment after exercise | |||
| ★ Required practical: investigating the rate of photosynthesis |
| Homeostasis and Response | Red | Amber | Green |
| Homeostasis — definition and importance | |||
| The nervous system — CNS, neurones, synapses | |||
| Reflex arc — sensory, relay, motor neurones | |||
| The brain — regions and functions | |||
| The eye — structure and function, accommodation | |||
| Thermoregulation — vasodilation, sweating, shivering | |||
| Hormones — endocrine glands and target organs | |||
| Blood glucose control — insulin, glucagon, diabetes | |||
| Type 1 vs Type 2 diabetes — causes and treatments | |||
| Hormonal control of reproduction (FSH, LH, oestrogen, progesterone) | |||
| Contraception — hormonal and non-hormonal | |||
| Fertility treatments — IVF, fertility drugs | |||
| Osmoregulation — kidneys, urea, ADH | |||
| Plant hormones — auxin, gravitropism, phototropism | |||
| ★ Required practical: measuring reaction time | |||
| Inheritance, Variation and Evolution | Red | Amber | Green |
| Sexual vs asexual reproduction — advantages | |||
| Meiosis — stages and importance of variation | |||
| DNA structure and chromosome pairs | |||
| Genes, alleles — dominant and recessive | |||
| Punnett squares and probability of inheritance | |||
| Inherited disorders — cystic fibrosis, polydactyly | |||
| Sex determination — X and Y chromosomes | |||
| Mutations — causes and effects | |||
| Variation — genetic, environmental, combination | |||
| Natural selection and evolution | |||
| Evidence for evolution — fossils, antibiotic resistance | |||
| Selective breeding — process and examples | |||
| Genetic engineering — process, GM crops, insulin | |||
| Classification — kingdoms, phylogenetic trees | |||
| Ecology | Red | Amber | Green |
| Ecosystems — habitats, populations, communities | |||
| Food chains and food webs | |||
| Abiotic factors — temperature, light, pH, moisture | |||
| Biotic factors — predation, competition, disease | |||
| Adaptations — structural, behavioural, functional | |||
| Predator-prey relationships and population cycles | |||
| Trophic levels and energy transfer | |||
| Pyramids of biomass | |||
| Carbon cycle | |||
| Water cycle | |||
| Nitrogen cycle — decomposers, nitrifying bacteria | |||
| Human impact — deforestation, global warming, land use | |||
| Biodiversity — importance and preservation | |||
| Pollution indicators — lichen, invertebrates | |||
| ★ Required practical: sampling using quadrats and transects |